Page last updated: 21 Apr 2021
Footnotes
1. Quit Victoria. (n.d.). What happens when you quit? Accessed from https://www.quit.org.au/articles/how-reverse-health-effects-smoking/
2. http://www.quit.org.nz/file/publications/he1109-time-to-quit-copy.pdf
3. http://www.webmd.com/smoking-cessation/understanding-nicotine-withdrawal-symptoms
4. http://www.quit.org.nz/file/publications/he1109-time-to-quit-copy.pdf
5. Ministry of Health. (2004). Looking upstream: Causes of death cross-classified by risk and condition, New Zealand 1997. Wellington: Ministry of Health.
6. Tobias, M., & Turley, M. (2005). Causes of death classified by risk and condition, New Zealand 1997. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 29, 5-12.
7. Peto, R., Lopez, A.D., Boreham, J., & Thun, M. (2006). Mortality from smoking in developed countries 1950-2005 (or later) (Updated March 2012). Retrieved 2 August 2015 from http://gas.ctsu.ox.ac.uk/tobacco/
8. Banks, E., Joshy, G., Weber, M.F., Liu, B., Grenfell, R., Eggers, S., et al. (2015). Tobacco smoking and all-cause mortality in a large Australian cohort study: Findings from a mature epidemic with current low smoking prevalence. BMC Medicine, 13, 38.
9. Vineis, P., Alavanja, M., Buffler, P., Fontham, E., Franceschi, S., Gao, Y.T., et al. (2004). Tobacco and cancer: Recent epidemiological evidence. Journal of National Cancer Institute, 96: 99-106.; Jha, P., Ramasundarahettige, C., Landsman, V., Rostron, B., Thun, M., Anderson, R. N., et al. (2013). 21st century hazards of smoking and benefits of cessation in the United States. New England Journal of Medicine, 368, 341-350.
10. Water Safety New Zealand. (2017). 2017 New Zealand drowning report. Retrieved 7 December 2018 from https://cdn-flightdec.userfirst.co.nz/uploads/sites/watersafety/files/Drowning_reports/WSNZ_DrowningReport_2017_FINAL.pdf
11. Ministry of Health. (2015). Mortality 2015 online tables. Wellington: Ministry of Health. Retrieved 7 December 2018 from https://www.health.govt.nz/publication/mortality-2015-data-tables
12. Ibid
13. Peto, R., Lopez, A.D., Boreham, J., & Thun, M. (2006). Mortality from smoking in developed countries 1950-2005 (or later) (Updated March 2012). Retrieved 2 August 2015 from www.ctsu.ox.ac.uk/~tobacco/
14. Ministry of Health. (2004). Looking upstream: Causes of death cross-classified by risk and condition, New Zealand 1997. Wellington: Ministry of Health.
15. Laugesen, M. (2000). Tobacco statistics 2000. Wellington: Cancer Society of New Zealand; Vineis, P., Alavanja, M., Buffler, P., Fontham, E., Franceschi, S., Gao, Y.T., et al. (2004). Tobacco and cancer: Recent epidemiological evidence. Journal of National Cancer Institute, 96: 99-106; Ministry of Health. (2005). Tobacco facts 2005. Wellington: Ministry of Health; Quit Victoria. (n.d.). What happens when you quit? Accessed from https://www.quit.org.au/articles/how-reverse-health-effects-smoking/
16. Wilson, G., Field, A., Wilson, N. (2001). Smoke gets in your eyes: smoking and visual impairment in New Zealand. New Zealand Medical Journal, 114:471-4.
17. https://quit.org.nz/reasons-to-quit/smoking-and-pregnancy
19. World Health Organization. (2014). Fact sheet on ingredients in tobacco products. Retrieved 22 July 2015 from http://www.who.int/tobacco/industry/product_regulation/factsheetingredients/en/
20. Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids. (2014). Designed for addiction. Retrieved 22 July 2015 from https://www.tobaccofreekids.org/content/what_we_do/industry_watch/product_manipulation/2014_06_19_DesignedforAddiction_web.pdf
21. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). (2012). A review of human carcinogens. Personal habits and indoor combustions. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, 100(E).
22. Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids. (2014). Designed for addiction. Retrieved 22 July 2015 from https://www.tobaccofreekids.org/content/what_we_do/industry_watch/product_manipulation/2014_06_19_DesignedforAddiction_web.pdf
23. DiFranza, J.R. (2012). Nicotine confesses: “It’s not you. It’s me.” Retrieved 22 July 2015 from http://www.lulu.com/shop/joseph-r-difranza-md-and-amberlynn-narvie/nicotine-confesses-its-not-you-its-me/ebook/product-20015455.html
24. Royal College of Physicians. (2000). Nicotine addiction in Britain. London: Royal College of Physicians.
26. http://science.howstuffworks.com/nicotine4.htm
27. Based on 2021 price inflation increase as at 1 January. Sales data from online sources and is an average of a pack of 20 cigarettes.
28. ---------------------------
29. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Health Effects of Secondhand Smoke. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/secondhand_smoke/health_effects/index.htm
30. Woodward, A., & Laugesen, M. (2001). Morbidity attributable to second-hand cigarette smoke in New Zealand. Report to the Ministry of Health. Wellington: Department of Public Health, Wellington School of Medicine. Accessed from http://www.phac.health.govt.nz/moh.nsf/pagescm/1013/$file/morbiditysecondhandcigarettesmoke.pdf
31. Fergusson, D (2015). Christchurch Health and Development Study: Overview of 40 Years of Findings (2015). Accessed from http://www.superu.govt.nz/news-and-events/christchurch-health-and-development-study-overview-40-years-findings
32. Ibid
33. Law, K.L., Stroud, L.R., LaGasse, L.L., Niaura, R., Liu, J., Lester, B.M. (2003). Smoking during pregnancy and new-born neurobehaviours. Paediatrics, 111(6), 1318-1323. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12777547
34. Ministry of Health. (2015). Annual Update of Key Results 2014/15: New Zealand Health Survey. Wellington: Ministry of Health.
35. Ministry of Health. (2014). Tobacco use 2012/13. NZ Health Survey. Wellington: Ministry of Health.
36. Ministry of Health. (2014). Tobacco use 2012/13. NZ Health Survey. Wellington: Ministry of Health.
37. Statistics New Zealand. (2013). Quitting and not starting – Smoking in New Zealand decreases. Retrieved 22 July 2015 from http://www.stats.govt.nz/Census/2013-census/data-tables/totals-by-topic-mr2.aspx
38. http://www.tcdata.org.nz/Census%20data/Census_13.aspx. Retrieved 15 November 2015
39. Ministry of Health. New Zealand Health Survey (2006/07 – 2017/18) data tables
40. Ministry of Health. (2018). Tobacco released for sale in New Zealand 2018. Wellington: Ministry of Health. Accessed from https://www.dropbox.com/s/zgb682lp4wm0krm/2018%20tobacco%20returns%20infographic.pdf?
42. Ministry of Health. (2014). Tobacco use 2012/13. NZ Health Survey. Wellington: Ministry of Health.
43. Ministry of Health. (2020). Annual Update of Key Results 2019/20: New Zealand Health Survey. Wellington: Ministry of Health.
44. Action on Smoking and Health. (2014). 2014 factsheet 1: ASH year 10 snapshot survey: Topline results. Retrieved 22 July 2015 from https://d3n8a8pro7vhmx.cloudfront.net/ashnz/pages/70/attachments/original/1504155296/2014_yr10-General-Topline.pdf?1504155296
45. Ministry of Health. (2014). Tobacco use 2012/13. NZ Health Survey. Wellington: Ministry of Health.
46. Ministry of Health. (2018). Annual Update of Key Results 2017/18: New Zealand Health Survey. Wellington: Ministry of Health.
47. Ministry of Health. (2014). Tobacco use 2012/13. NZ Health Survey. Wellington: Ministry of Health.
48. Ibid
49. Ministry of Health. (2017). Annual Update of Key Results 2016/17: New Zealand Health Survey. Wellington: Ministry of Health.
51. Ministry of Health. (2014). Tobacco use 2012/13. NZ Health Survey. Wellington: Ministry of Health.
52. Statistics New Zealand. (2014). Smoking in New Zealand: 2013/14 New Zealand Census. Auckland: Action on Smoking and Health.
53. Ministry of Health. (2019). Report on maternity, 2017. Wellington: Ministry of Health
54. Ministry of Health (2013). SUDI Statistics 2006-2010. Wellington: Ministry of Health
55. Ministry of Health. (2018). Annual Update of Key Results 2017/18: New Zealand Health Survey. Wellington: Ministry of Health.
56. Ministry of Health. (2018). Annual Update of Key Results 2017/18: New Zealand Health Survey. Wellington: Ministry of Health.
57. Action on Smoking and Health. (2018). 201 8 factsheet 1: ASH year 10 snapshot survey: Topline results. Retrieved 15 April 2019 from https://d3n8a8pro7vhmx.cloudfront.net/ashnz/pages/70/attachments/original/1521962541/2017_ASH_Y10_Snapshot_Topline_DRAFT_27Mar18.pdf?1521962541
58. Ibid.
59. White, J. (2015). In fact: Young people’s desires and attempts to stop smoking – 2014. Wellington: Te Hiringa Hauora/Health Promotion Agency Research and Evaluation Unit.
60. Health Sponsorship Council. (2005). Framework for reducing smoking initiation in Aotearoa-New Zealand. Wellington: HSC.
61. Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (2015). Youth and Tobacco Use. Accessible from www.cdc.gov/tobacco
62. Health Sponsorship Council. (2005). Framework for reducing smoking initiation in Aotearoa-New Zealand. Wellington: HSC.
63. U.S Department of Health and Human Services. (2012). Preventing Tobacco Use Among Youth and Young Adults: A Report of the Surgeon General.
64. Action on Smoking and Health. (2014). 2014 factsheet 1: ASH year 10 snapshot survey: Topline results. Retrieved 22 July 2015 from https://d3n8a8pro7vhmx.cloudfront.net/ashnz/pages/70/attachments/original/1504155296/2014_yr10-General-Topline.pdf?1504155296
65. Action on Smoking and Health. (2019). 2018 factsheet 1: ASH year 10 snapshot survey: Topline results. Retrieved 15 April 2019 from https://d3n8a8pro7vhmx.cloudfront.net/ashnz/pages/70/attachments/original/1504155296/2014_yr10-General-Topline.pdf?1504155296
66. Ministry of Health. (2018). Annual Update of Key Results 2017/18: New Zealand Health Survey. Wellington: Ministry of Health. Retrieved 15 May 2019 from https://minhealthnz.shinyapps.io/nz-health-survey-2017-18-annual-data-explorer/_w_0811ceee/_w_123fb24c/#!/home
67. World Health Organization (2012). WHO global report: mortality attributable to tobacco. Accessible from http://www.who.int/tobacco/publications/surveillance/rep_mortality_attributable/en/
68. World Health Organization (2012). WHO global report: mortality attributable to tobacco. Accessible from http://www.who.int/tobacco/publications/surveillance/rep_mortality_attributable/en/
69. http://www.who.int/tobacco/economics/en/
70. Māori Affairs Select Committee Inquiry Report. P. 11. Accessible from http://www.parliament.nz/en-nz/pb/sc/documents/reports/49DBSCH_SCR4900_1/inquiry-into-the-tobacco-industry-in-aotearoa-and-the-consequences
71. Javitz, H.S, Zbikowski, S.M, Swan, G.E, & Jack, L.M. (2006). Financial burden of tobacco use: an employer’s perspective. Clinics in Occupational and Environmental Medicine 5(1), 9–29.
72. Wilson, N., Edwards, R., & Parry, R. (2011). A persisting secondhand smoke hazard in urban public places: results from fine particulate (PM2. 5) air sampling. Journal of the New Zealand Medical Association, 124(1330).
73. Wilson, N., Thomson, G., & Edwards, R. (2007). Lessons from Hong Kong and other countries for outdoor smokefree areas in New Zealand? Journal of the New Zealand Medical Association, 120(1257).
74. ASH New Zealand. 2014. UMR omnibus survey on smoking issues level of agreement. (From Smokefree Cars Toolkit: https://aspire2025.files.wordpress.com/2015/06/smokefree-cars-toolkit.pdf
75. BMJ Journals, Tobacco Control, April 2015 - Volume 24 - Suppl 2. http://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/24/Suppl_2
76. Cochrane 2016. Hartmann-Boyce J, McRobbie H, Bullen C, Begh R, Stead LF, Hajek P. http://www.cochrane.org/CD010216/TOBACCO_can-electronic-cigarettes-help-people-stop-smoking-and-are-they-safe-use-purpose. Accessed 25 May 2018.
77. Woodward A, Laugeson M. (2001) How many deaths are caused by second hand cigarette smoke? Tobacco Control. 2001. Accessed in November 2018 from http://www.healthnz.co.nz/SHSdeaths.pdf
78. Bearer CF. (2005) Environmental health hazards: How children are different from adults. The Future of Children. Accessed from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1518896/
79. ASH Scotland (2012). Reducing Children’s Exposure to Second Hand Smoke in the Home. Accessed Nov 2018 from https://www.ashscotland.org.uk/media/197686/lit%20review%20final%20update%2081112.pdf
80. Matt, G.E. Quintana, P.J.E. Hovell, M.F. Bernert, J.T. Song, S. Novianti, N. Juarez, T. Floro, J. Gehrman, C. Garcia, M. Larson, S. (2004) Households contaminated by environmental tobacco smoke: sources of infant exposures. Tobacco Control; 13:29–37. Accessed Nov 2018 from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1747815/pdf/v013p00029.pdf
81. Health Promotion Agency/Te Hiringa Hauora. (2019). 2018 New Zealand Health and Lifestyle Survey. Wellington: Te Hiringa Hauora/Health Promotion Agency. Retrieved 27 June 2019 from http://kupe.hpa.org.nz/
82. Cancer Council Victoria. Tobacco in Australia. Health effects of secondhand smoke on pets. Accessed 5 July 2019 from https://www.tobaccoinaustralia.org.au/chapter-4-secondhand/4-20-health-effects-secondhand-smoke-on-pets
83. 2018 Census data. Accessed 26 November 2019 from https://www.stats.govt.nz/news/smoking-is-a-dying-habit
84. Te Hiringa Hauora/Health Promotion Agency. (2019). Second-hand smoke exposure among 14 and 15-year-olds: Results from the 2018 Youth Insights Survey. Wellington, NZ: Te Hiringa Hauora.
85. Ministry of Health. 2014. Tobacco Use 2012/13: New Zealand Health Survey. Wellington, NZ: Ministry of Health.
86. HLS: Te Hiringa Hauora/Health Promotion Agency. (2021). Kupe Data Explorer. Retrieved April 20, 2021 from https://kupe.hpa.org.nz/#!/. YIS: Te Hiringa Hauora/Health Promotion Agency. (2021). Tobacco Control Data Repository (TCDR). Retrieved April 20, 2021 from https://tcdata.org.nz/YIS%20data/YIS_15.html
87. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2006). The Health Consequences of Involuntary Exposure to Tobacco Smoke: A Report of the Surgeon. Atlanta: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health.
ASH Scotland (2012). Reducing Children’s Exposure to Second Hand Smoke in the Home. Retrieved April 20, 2021 from https://www.ashscotland.org.uk/media/197686/lit%20review%20final%20update%2081112.pdf
88. Bearer CF. (2005) Environmental health hazards: How children are different from adults. The Future of Children. Accessed from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1518896/